%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
2018-04-05T15:40:19+05:00
2018-04-05T15:40:19+05:00
2018-04-05T15:40:19+05:00
Adobe Acrobat 15.0
application/pdf
Plagiarism Checking Service
uuid:d7a8348a-b1ee-44f2-a0bf-8b22e3e9b84a
uuid:cbb75a8d-6ac0-42af-9b29-14657f864b55
Acrobat Web Capture 15.0
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>
endobj
6 0 obj
<>
endobj
3 0 obj
<>
endobj
7 0 obj
<>
endobj
8 0 obj
<>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>
endobj
23 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
24 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
25 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
26 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
27 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
28 0 obj
[22 0 R 22 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
22 0 obj
<><><><><><><><><><><><><>]/P 20 0 R/Pg 13 0 R/S/Article>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 0/Type/Page>>
endobj
29 0 obj
[37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R]
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 0.867 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
1 scn
16 36 579 714.75 re
f
0.667 scn
q 1 0 0 1 16.0002 750.7503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
578.25 -0.751 l
579 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 16.0002 36 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 714 l
0 714.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 594.2502 749.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -714 l
0.75 -714 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
1 scn
53.5 732 504 -78.75 re
f
53.5 732 504 -67.5 re
f
0.867 scn
49 653.25 513 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 653.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 653.2497 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
49 653.25 m
49.75 652.5 l
561.25 652.5 l
562 653.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.75 652.875 cm
0 0 m
511.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 49.7502 632.9997 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.75 l
0 -0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 632.25 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q
49.75 633 m
49 632.25 l
562 632.25 l
561.25 633 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.75 632.625 cm
0 0 m
511.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 652.5 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 632.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
49 632.25 m
49.75 633 l
49.75 652.5 l
49 653.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.375 652.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 652.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 632.9997 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
561.25 652.5 m
561.25 633 l
562 632.25 l
562 653.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 561.625 652.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
S
Q
Q
53.5 578.25 0.751 0.75 re
f
556.75 578.25 0.75 0.75 re
f
q
53.5 578.25 504 0.75 re
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 54.25 578.625 cm
0 0 m
502.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
53.5 524.25 0.751 0.75 re
f
556.75 524.25 0.75 0.75 re
f
q
53.5 524.25 504 0.75 re
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 54.25 524.625 cm
0 0 m
502.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
0.867 scn
49 467.25 513 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 467.2503 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 467.2503 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
49 467.25 m
49.75 466.5 l
561.25 466.5 l
562 467.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.75 466.875 cm
0 0 m
511.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 49.7502 447.0003 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 446.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
49.75 447 m
49 446.25 l
562 446.25 l
561.25 447 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.75 446.625 cm
0 0 m
511.5 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 466.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 48.9996 447.0003 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
49 446.25 m
49.75 447 l
49.75 466.5 l
49 467.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 49.375 466.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 466.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 561.2499 447.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
561.25 466.5 m
561.25 447 l
562 446.25 l
562 467.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 561.625 466.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 435 436.5 -63 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 434.9997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 434.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 435 m
88 434.25 l
523 434.25 l
523.75 435 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 434.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 372.7503 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 371.9997 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
88 372.75 m
87.25 372 l
523.75 372 l
523 372.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 372.375 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 434.25 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 372.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 372 m
88 372.75 l
88 434.25 l
87.25 435 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 434.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -61.5 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 434.25 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 372.7503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 434.25 m
523 372.75 l
523.75 372 l
523.75 435 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 434.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -61.5 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 333.75 436.5 -145.5 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 333.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 333.7497 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 333.75 m
88 333 l
523 333 l
523.75 333.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 333.375 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 189 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.75 l
0 -0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 188.2503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q
88 189 m
87.25 188.25 l
523.75 188.25 l
523 189 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 188.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 333 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 189 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 188.25 m
88 189 l
88 333 l
87.25 333.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 333 cm
0 0 m
0 -144 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 333 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 189 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 333 m
523 189 l
523.75 188.25 l
523.75 333.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 333 cm
0 0 m
0 -144 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 36 436.5 35.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 71.2503 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 71.2503 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 71.25 m
88 70.5 l
523 70.5 l
523.75 71.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 70.875 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 70.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 36 m
88 36 l
88 70.5 l
87.25 71.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 70.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -61.5 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 70.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
523 70.5 m
523 36 l
523.75 36 l
523.75 71.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 70.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -61.5 l
S
Q
Q
1 scn
68.5 616.5 18.75 -18 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 616.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
18.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 69.2496 599.2497 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
17.25 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 598.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 17.25 l
0 18 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 86.4999 615.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -16.501 l
0.75 -17.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
/Article <>BDC
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 74.7466 603.75 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
68.5 562.5 18.75 -18 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 562.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
18.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 69.2496 545.2497 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
17.25 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 544.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 17.25 l
0 18 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 86.4999 561.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -16.501 l
0.75 -17.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
11.25 0 0 11.25 74.7466 549.75 Tm
(2)Tj
ET
1 scn
68.5 508.5 18.75 -18 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 508.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
18.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 69.2496 491.2497 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
18 -0.75 l
17.25 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 68.4999 490.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 17.25 l
0 18 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 86.4999 507.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -16.501 l
0.75 -17.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
11.25 0 0 11.25 74.7466 495.75 Tm
(3)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 423 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 423 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 402.75 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 402.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 422.2503 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 409.5 Tm
(2)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 321.75 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 321.75 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 301.5 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 300.7503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 321.0003 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 308.25 Tm
(3)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 59.25 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 59.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 38.9997 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 38.25 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 58.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 45.75 Tm
(2)Tj
ET
EMC
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
q 1 0 0 1 75.25 725.25 cm
0 0 m
0 2 -3 2 -3 0 c
-3 -2 0 -2 0 0 c
f
Q
/CS0 CS 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 75.25 725.25 cm
0 0 m
0 2 -3 2 -3 0 c
-3 -2 0 -2 0 0 c
h
S
Q
Q
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 83.5 722.25 Tm
(Word Count: 2909)Tj
/Span<>> BDC
-2.857 -2.214 Td
( )Tj
EMC
/TT0 1 Tf
0 -1.214 TD
(Plagiarism Percentage)Tj
/CS1 cs 0.741 0.718 0.42 scn
15 0 0 15 53.5 669 Tm
(11%)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
11.25 0 0 11.25 57.25 639 Tm
(sources:)Tj
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 609.75 Tm
(7% match \(Internet from 05-Jul-2017\))Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
0 -1.571 TD
(http://dspace.ewha.ac.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/230243/1/001.pdf)Tj
ET
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
/CS1 CS 1 0 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 99.25 592.5 cm
0 0 m
290.693 0 l
h
S
Q
Q
BT
/CS0 cs 0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 555.75 Tm
(3% match \(Internet from 16-Feb-2017\))Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0.502 0 scn
T*
(http://shef.ac.uk/mecheng/staff/khughes)Tj
ET
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
/CS1 CS 0 0.502 0 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 99.25 538.5 cm
0 0 m
185.611 0 l
h
S
Q
Q
BT
/CS0 cs 0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 501.75 Tm
(2% match \(Internet from 17-Jun-2017\))Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
T*
(https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00012369_145807.pdf)Tj
ET
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
/CS1 CS 0 0 1 SCN
0.75 w
q 1 0 0 1 99.25 484.5 cm
0 0 m
307.622 0 l
h
S
Q
Q
BT
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 57.25 453 Tm
(paper text:)Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0.502 0 scn
3.733 -3.867 Td
(The influence of CO2 in biogas flammability limit and laminar burning)Tj
0 -1.733 TD
( velocity in spark ignited premix combustion at various pressures)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 349.5 Tm
( W. Anggono, I. N. G. Wardana, M. Lawes, K. J. Hughes, S. Wahyudi, N. Ha\
midi, and A. Hayakawa)Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 308.25 Tm
(Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 302.4092 308.25 Tm
( 1717, 030001 )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 372.4741 308.25 Tm
(\(2016\); doi:)Tj
-24.287 -1.8 Td
( 10.1063/1.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 155.5494 288 Tm
( 4943425 )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 202.2611 288 Tm
(View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 412.924 288 Tm
( 4943425)Tj
-29.874 -1.929 Td
( )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 102.1672 267.75 Tm
(View Table of Contents:)Tj
-0.259 -1.8 Td
( http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 383.0159 247.5 Tm
( 1717 )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 412.2087 247.5 Tm
(?ver=pdfcov)Tj
-27.819 -1.8 Td
( Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 454.3226 227.25 Tm
( The effect)Tj
-33.816 -1.929 Td
( )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 102.1672 207 Tm
(of)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 112.7855 207 Tm
( nitrogen )Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0 1 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 156.5646 207 Tm
(on)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 165.75 Tm
( biogas flame propagation characteristic in premix combustion AIP Conf. \
Proc. 1718, 100001 \(2016\);)Tj
0 -1.5 TD
( 10.1063/1.4943345 Route to chaos for combustion instability in ducted l\
aminar premixed flames Chaos 22,)Tj
T*
( 023129 \(2012\); 10.1063/1.4718725 Combustion of CNG in Charged Spark I\
gnition Engines AIP Conf. Proc.)Tj
T*
( 1190, 98 \(2009\); 10.1063/1.3290172 Characteristics of a plasma genera\
ted by combustion in a spark)Tj
T*
( ignition engine J. Appl. Phys. 46, 2468 \(1975\); 10.1063/1.322231 Comb\
ustion Wave Stability and)Tj
T*
( Flammability Limits J. Chem. Phys. 22, 750 \(1954\); 10.1063/1.1740165)Tj
/CS1 cs 0 0.502 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 45.75 Tm
(The Influence of CO2 in Biogas Flammability Limit and Laminar Burning)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>
endobj
32 0 obj
(nB)
endobj
35 0 obj
<>
endobj
36 0 obj
<>
endobj
69 0 obj
<>
endobj
68 0 obj
<>
endobj
33 0 obj
[/ICCBased 70 0 R]
endobj
34 0 obj
[/ICCBased 71 0 R]
endobj
71 0 obj
<>stream
HyTSwoɞc
[5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w߽ '0 ֠Jb
2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
@8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9
V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'K t;\
ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹Aom?W=
x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?c. R
߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B-
ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mDeԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel
}}Cq9
N')].uJr
wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4
n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY.=b?SƕƩȺy
چk5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zzmzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś
nLl<9O [$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD- u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.!
zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs
2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km
endstream
endobj
70 0 obj
<>stream
Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M.(*(%8H8c-
fԉd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%?)U!$5X3/9 ($5j%V*'&*r" (,!!0b;CҢ2(ɘ I8/
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
[/ICCBased 72 0 R]
endobj
72 0 obj
<>stream
HyTSwoɞc
[5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w߽ '0 ֠Jb
2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0-
@8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9
V)gB0iW8#8wթ8_٥ʨQQj@&A)/g>'K t;\
ӥ$պFZUn(4T%)뫔0C&Zi8bxEB;Pӓ̹Aom?W=
x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@tܛ`q2ʀ&6ZLĄ?_yxg)˔zçLU*uSkSeO4?c. R
߁-25 S>ӣVd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L`< "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B-
ꇆnQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G!"F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VĭKĻYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_(0J:EAiQ(()ӔWT6U@P+!~mDeԴ!hӦh/']B/ҏӿ?a0nhF!X8܌kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#ƒdV(kel
}}Cq9
N')].uJr
wG xR^[oƜchg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-ݖ,Y¬*6X[ݱF=3뭷Y~dó tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:˜O:ϸ8uJqnv=MmR 4
n3ܣkGݯz=[==<=GTB(/S,]6*-W:#7*e^YDY}UjAyT`#D="b{ų+ʯ:!kJ4Gmt}uC%K7YVfFY.=b?SƕƩȺy
چk5%4m7lqlioZlG+Zzmzy]?uuw|"űNwW&e֥ﺱ*|j5kyݭǯg^ykEklD_p߶7Dmo꿻1ml{Mś
nLl<9O [$h՛BdҞ@iءG&vVǥ8nRĩ7u\ЭD- u`ֲK³8%yhYѹJº;.!
zpg_XQKFAǿ=ȼ:ɹ8ʷ6˶5̵5͵6ζ7ϸ9к<Ѿ?DINU\dlvۀ܊ݖޢ)߯6DScs
2F[p(@Xr4Pm8Ww)Km
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 372.0 524.0 435.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 188.0 524.0 334.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 35.75 524.0 71.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 408.0 506.0 419.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 306.0 506.0 317.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 44.0 506.0 55.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 591.0 389.0 602.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
44 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 537.0 284.0 548.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
45 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 483.0 407.0 494.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
46 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 407.0 470.0 419.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
47 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 388.0 450.0 400.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
48 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 306.0 302.0 318.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
49 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[302.0 306.0 372.0 317.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
50 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[372.0 306.0 432.0 318.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
51 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 286.0 155.0 298.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
52 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[156.0 286.0 203.0 297.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[202.0 286.0 412.0 298.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
54 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[413.0 286.0 457.0 297.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
55 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 266.0 101.0 277.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
56 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[102.0 266.0 230.0 278.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 245.0 383.0 257.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
58 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[383.0 246.0 412.0 257.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
59 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[412.0 245.0 479.0 257.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 225.0 454.0 237.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[454.0 225.0 504.0 236.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 205.0 101.0 216.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[102.0 205.0 113.0 217.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[113.0 205.0 157.0 216.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
65 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[156.0 205.0 170.0 217.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
66 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 44.0 483.0 56.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 5/Type/Page>>
endobj
73 0 obj
[75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R]
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 0.867 scn
10 183 591.75 582.75 re
f
1 scn
16 198 579.001 568 re
f
0.667 scn
q 1 0 0 1 16.7499 198.7497 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
578.25 -0.75 l
577.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 15.9999 765.9998 cm
0 0 m
0 -568 l
0.75 -567.25 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 594.2501 765.9998 cm
0 0 m
0 -567.25 l
0.75 -568 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 727.5 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 727.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 727.4997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 727.5 m
88 726.75 l
523 726.75 l
523.75 727.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 727.125 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 645.0003 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 644.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
88 645 m
87.25 644.25 l
523.75 644.25 l
523 645 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 644.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 726.75 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 645.0003 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 644.25 m
88 645 l
88 726.75 l
87.25 727.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 726.75 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 726.75 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 645.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 726.75 m
523 645 l
523.75 644.25 l
523.75 727.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 726.75 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 606 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 605.9997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 605.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 606 m
88 605.25 l
523 605.25 l
523.75 606 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 605.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 523.5003 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 522.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
88 523.5 m
87.25 522.75 l
523.75 522.75 l
523 523.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 523.125 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 605.25 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 523.5003 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 522.75 m
88 523.5 l
88 605.25 l
87.25 606 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 605.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 605.25 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 523.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 605.25 m
523 523.5 l
523.75 522.75 l
523.75 606 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 605.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 484.5 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 484.4997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 484.4997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 484.5 m
88 483.75 l
523 483.75 l
523.75 484.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 484.125 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 402.0003 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 401.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
88 402 m
87.25 401.25 l
523.75 401.25 l
523 402 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 401.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 483.75 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 402.0003 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 401.25 m
88 402 l
88 483.75 l
87.25 484.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 483.75 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 483.75 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 402.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 483.75 m
523 402 l
523.75 401.25 l
523.75 484.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 483.75 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 363 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 362.9997 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 362.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 363 m
88 362.25 l
523 362.25 l
523.75 363 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 362.625 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 280.5003 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.751 l
0 -0.751 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 279.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.751 l
h
f
Q
q
88 280.5 m
87.25 279.75 l
523.75 279.75 l
523 280.5 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 280.125 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 280.5003 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.751 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 279.75 m
88 280.5 l
88 362.25 l
87.25 363 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 280.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 362.25 m
523 280.5 l
523.75 279.75 l
523.75 363 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
1 scn
495.25 715.5 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 715.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 695.25 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 694.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 714.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
/Article <>BDC
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 702 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 594 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 594 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 573.75 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 573.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 593.2503 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 580.5 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 472.5 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 472.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 452.25 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 451.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 471.7503 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 459 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 351 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 351 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 330.75 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.75 l
15.75 -0.75 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 330.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.75 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 350.2503 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.5 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 337.5 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
EMC
/Article <>BDC
EMC
BT
/Article <>BDC
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 743.25 Tm
( 56:18 030001-3)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 702 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
0 -1.733 TD
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 663 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 663 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 663 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 663 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 621.75 Tm
( 56:18 030001-4)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 580.5 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
T*
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 541.5 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 541.5 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 541.5 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 541.5 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 500.25 Tm
( 56:18 030001-5)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 459 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
T*
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 420 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 420 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 420 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 420 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 378.75 Tm
( 56:18 030001-6)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 337.5 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
T*
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 298.5 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 298.5 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 298.5 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 298.5 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 257.25 Tm
( 56:18 030001-7 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms \
at:)Tj
0 -1.5 TD
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.189.1\
20.18 On: Mon, 11 Apr 2016)Tj
T*
( 05:56:18)Tj
EMC
ET
endstream
endobj
75 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 645.0 524.0 728.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
76 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 523.0 524.0 606.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
77 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 402.0 524.0 485.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
78 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 280.0 524.0 363.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
79 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 700.0 506.0 711.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 579.0 506.0 590.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
81 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 457.0 506.0 468.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
82 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 336.0 506.0 347.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
83 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 700.0 412.0 712.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 680.0 452.0 692.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 661.0 157.0 672.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 661.0 176.0 673.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 661.0 240.0 672.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 661.0 284.0 673.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 578.0 412.0 590.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 559.0 452.0 571.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 540.0 157.0 551.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 539.0 176.0 551.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 540.0 240.0 551.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
94 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 539.0 284.0 551.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 457.0 412.0 469.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 437.0 452.0 449.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
97 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 418.0 157.0 429.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
98 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 418.0 176.0 430.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 418.0 240.0 429.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 418.0 284.0 430.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 335.0 412.0 347.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 316.0 452.0 328.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
103 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 297.0 157.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
104 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 296.0 176.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
105 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 297.0 240.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
106 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 296.0 284.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 4/Type/Page>>
endobj
107 0 obj
[109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R]
endobj
108 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 0.867 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
1 scn
16 36 579.001 730 re
f
0.667 scn
16 36 0.75 730 re
f
594.25 36 0.751 730 re
f
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 362.25 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 362.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 362.25 m
88 361.5 l
523 361.5 l
523.75 362.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 361.875 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 279.7497 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.75 l
0 -0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 279 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q
88 279.75 m
87.25 279 l
523.75 279 l
523 279.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 279.375 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 361.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 279.7497 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 279 m
88 279.75 l
88 361.5 l
87.25 362.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 361.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 361.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 279.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 361.5 m
523 279.75 l
523.75 279 l
523.75 362.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 361.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 240.75 436.5 -83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 240.75 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 240.75 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 240.75 m
88 240 l
523 240 l
523.75 240.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 240.375 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 158.2497 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.75 l
0 -0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 157.5 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q
88 158.25 m
87.25 157.5 l
523.75 157.5 l
523 158.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 157.875 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 240.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 158.2497 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 157.5 m
88 158.25 l
88 240 l
87.25 240.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 240 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 240.0003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 158.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 240 m
523 158.25 l
523.75 157.5 l
523.75 240.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 240 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
/CS1 cs 1 1 0.898 scn
87.25 36 436.5 83.25 re
f
/CS0 cs 0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 119.25 cm
0 0 m
0.751 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 119.25 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 119.25 m
88 118.5 l
523 118.5 l
523.75 119.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 118.875 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 88.0002 36.7497 cm
0 0 m
-0.751 -0.75 l
0 -0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 36 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q
88 36.75 m
87.25 36 l
523.75 36 l
523 36.75 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 88 36.375 cm
0 0 m
435 0 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 118.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.751 0 l
0 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 87.2496 36.7497 cm
0 0 m
0 -0.75 l
0.751 0 l
h
f
Q
q
87.25 36 m
88 36.75 l
88 118.5 l
87.25 119.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 87.625 118.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 118.5003 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0 l
0.75 0.75 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 522.9999 36.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.75 l
0.75 0 l
h
f
Q
q
523 118.5 m
523 36.75 l
523.75 36 l
523.75 119.25 l
h
W n
/CS0 CS 0.533 SCN
0.75 w [1.5 1.5]1 d
q 1 0 0 1 523.375 118.5 cm
0 0 m
0 -81.75 l
S
Q
Q
1 scn
495.25 350.25 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 350.2503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 330.0003 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 329.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.751 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21.001 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 349.4997 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.499 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
/Article <>BDC
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 336.75 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 228.75 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 228.7503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 208.5003 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 207.7497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.751 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21.001 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 227.9997 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.499 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 215.25 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
1 scn
495.25 107.25 16.5 -21 re
f
0.533 scn
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 107.2503 cm
0 0 m
0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
16.5 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.9999 87.0003 cm
0 0 m
-0.75 -0.751 l
15.75 -0.751 l
15 0 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 495.2502 86.2497 cm
0 0 m
0.75 0.751 l
0.75 20.25 l
0 21.001 l
h
f
Q
q 1 0 0 1 511.0002 106.4997 cm
0 0 m
0 -19.499 l
0.75 -20.25 l
0.75 0.751 l
h
f
Q
BT
0 scn
10.5 0 0 10.5 500.5 93.75 Tm
(1)Tj
ET
EMC
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 756 Tm
( velocities were higher at the same equivalence ratio by reducing the in\
itial pressure.)Tj
ET
Q
BT
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 740.25 Tm
( ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many Thanks to Directorate General of Higher Education \
Republik Indonesia)Tj
0 -1.5 TD
( \(Sandwich Like 2011, Hibah Penelitian Fundamental 2014-2015\), Petra C\
hristian University, Universitas)Tj
T*
( Brawijaya, Leeds University, and Fandi Dwiputra Supriato for their supp\
orts during this research.)Tj
T*
( REFERENCES 1. W. Anggono, I.N.G. Wardana, M. Lawes, K.J. Hughes, S. Wah\
yudi, N. Hamidi and A.)Tj
T*
( Hayakawa, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423, 1-7\(2013\). 2. W.\
Anggono, F.D. Suprianto, T.P.)Tj
T*
( Wijaya and M.S. Tanoto, Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045, 251- 254\
\(2014\). 3. BP Energy, Energy)Tj
T*
( Outlook 2035, 2015, information on http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporat\
e/about- bp/energy-)Tj
T*
(economics/energy-outlook.html. 4. S.E. Hosseini and M.A. Wahid,Renewable\
and Sustainable Energy)Tj
T*
( Reviews 40, 868-875 \(2014\). 5. W. Anggono, I.N.G. Wardana, M. Lawes a\
nd K.J. Hughes, International)Tj
T*
( Journal of Engineering and Technology5, 4980-4987 \(2014\). 6. Z.N. Ash\
rafi, M. Ashjaee and M.H. Askari,)Tj
T*
( Optics Communications 341, 55-63 \(2014\). 7. S.H. Yoon and C.S. Lee, F\
uel Processing Technology 92,)Tj
T*
( 992-1000 \(2011\). 8. N.N. Mustafi, R.R. Raine and S. Verhelst, Fuel109\
, 669-678\(2013\). 9. E.C. Okafor, A.)Tj
T*
( Hayakawa, Y. Nagano and T. Kitagawa, International Journal of Hydrogen \
Energy 39, 2409- 2417 \(2014\).)Tj
T*
( 10. C. Heeger, B. Bohm, S.F. Ahmed, R. Gordon, I. Boxx, W. Meier, A. Dr\
eizlerand E.)Tj
T*
( Mastorakos,Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, 2957\2262964\(20\
09\). 11. Q. Ma, Q. Zhang, D. Li, J.)Tj
T*
( Chen, S. Ren and S. Shen, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Ind\
ustries 34, 30-38 \(2015\). 12. W.)Tj
T*
( Anggono, I.N.G. Wardana, M. Lawes, K.J. Hughes, S. Wahyudi and N. Hamid\
i, Journal of Applied Sciences)Tj
T*
( Research 8, 4126-4132 \(2012\). 13. W. Anggono, I.N.G. Wardana, M. Lawe\
s, K.J. Hughes, S. Wahyudi and)Tj
T*
( N. Hamidi, Applied Mechanics and Materials 376, 79-85 \(2013\). 14. L. \
Gillespie, M. Lawes, C.G.W.)Tj
T*
( Sheppard and R. Woolley, Aspects of laminar and turbulent burning veloc\
ity relevant to SI engines, SAE)Tj
T*
( Paper Series 2000-01-0192, 2000. 15. X.J. Gu, M.Z. Haq, M. Lawes and R.\
Wooley, Combustion and)Tj
T*
( Flame 121, 41-58 \(2000\). 16. D. Bradley, R.A. Hicks, M. Lawes, C.G.W.\
Sheppard and R. Wooley,)Tj
T*
( Combustion and Flame 115, 126-144 \(1998\). 17. C. Serrano, J.J. Hernan\
dez, C. Mandilas, C.G.W.)Tj
T*
( Sheppard and R. Woolley, Hydrogen Energy 33, 851\226 862\(2008\).)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 336.75 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
0 -1.733 TD
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 297.75 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 297.75 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 297.75 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 297.75 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 256.5 Tm
( 56:18 030001-1)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 215.25 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
T*
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 176.25 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 176.25 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 176.25 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 176.25 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 135 Tm
( 56:18 030001-2)Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 99.25 93.75 Tm
(Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at:)Tj
T*
( https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions IP: 203.)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 99.25 54.75 Tm
( 189.120.18 )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 157.6357 54.75 Tm
(On:)Tj
/CS0 cs 0.333 scn
/TT1 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 177.0046 54.75 Tm
( Mon, 11 Apr )Tj
/CS1 cs 1 0 0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
11.25 0 0 11.25 240.0354 54.75 Tm
(2016 05:)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
109 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 279.0 524.0 362.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
110 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 158.0 524.0 241.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
111 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[87.0 36.0 524.0 119.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
112 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 335.0 506.0 346.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
113 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 213.0 506.0 224.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
114 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[501.0 92.0 506.0 103.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
115 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 335.0 412.0 347.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
116 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 315.0 452.0 327.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
117 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 296.0 157.0 307.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
118 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 296.0 176.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
119 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 296.0 240.0 307.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
120 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 296.0 284.0 308.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
121 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 213.0 412.0 225.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
122 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 194.0 452.0 206.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
123 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 174.0 157.0 185.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
124 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 174.0 176.0 186.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
125 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 174.0 240.0 185.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
126 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 174.0 284.0 186.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
127 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 92.0 412.0 104.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
128 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 72.0 452.0 84.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
129 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[99.0 53.0 157.0 64.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
130 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[157.0 53.0 176.0 65.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
131 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[177.0 53.0 240.0 64.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
132 0 obj
<>/BS<>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[240.0 53.0 284.0 65.0]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 3/Type/Page>>
endobj
133 0 obj
<>stream
/CS0 cs 0.867 scn
10 36 591.75 729.75 re
f
1 scn
16 36 579 730 re
f
0.667 scn
16 36 0.75 730 re
f
594.25 36 0.75 730 re
f
/Article <>BDC
EMC
/Article <>BDC
q
10 36 592 730 re
W n
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 756 Tm
( found for biogas with 25% CO2 at atmospheric pressure, ambient temperat\
ure and various equivalence)Tj
ET
Q
BT
0 scn
/TT0 1 Tf
10.5 0 0 10.5 53.5 740.25 Tm
( ratiosas shown in Table 1. FIGURE 2.The biogas with 25%CO2 flame propag\
ation at atmospheric pressure)Tj
0 -1.5 TD
( TABLE 1. Laminar burning velocities of biogas with 25% CO2 at atmospher\
ic pressure Equivalence Ratio)Tj
T*
( Laminar Burning Velocity \(m/s\) 0.5 No Propagation 0.6 0.080 0.8 0.229\
1.0 0.289 1.2 0.236 1.3 0.144 1.4)Tj
T*
( No Propagation The fuel \(biogas with 50%CO2\)-air mixtures produced pr\
opagating flame at atmospheric)Tj
T*
( pressure for the equivalence ratios of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2. At ambien\
t temperatures and atmospheric)Tj
T*
( pressure, no flames were propagated from the rich \()Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
23.289 0 Td
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.3 and )Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.4\) and lean \()Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
12.351 0 Td
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=0.5\) fuel-air mixtures.)Tj
-35.64 -1.5 Td
( The images of the spherical flame flaring within the combustion chamber\
with 150 mm diameter windows)Tj
T*
( are lain out in Fig. 3. As seen from the prior experimental investigati\
ons to find the laminar burning)Tj
T*
( velocities [1-2,5,12-17], the laminar burning velocities of biogas-air \
mixtures premixed combustion has been)Tj
T*
( found for biogas with 50% CO2 at atmospheric pressure, ambient temperat\
ure and various equivalence)Tj
T*
( ratios as shown in Table 2. FIGURE 3.The biogas with 50%CO2 flame propa\
gation at atmospheric pressure)Tj
T*
( TABLE 2. Laminar burning velocities of biogas with 50% CO2 at atmospher\
ic pressure Equivalence Ratio)Tj
T*
( Laminar Burning Velocity \(m/s\) 0.5 No Propagation 0.6 0.061 0.8 0.154\
1.0 0.189 1.2 0.117 1.3 No)Tj
T*
( Propagation 1.4 No Propagation The fuel \(biogas with 25%CO2\)-air mixt\
ures produced propagating flame)Tj
T*
( at reduced pressure \(0.5 atm\) for the equivalence ratios of 0.7, 0.8 \
and 0.9. At ambient temperatures and)Tj
T*
( reduced pressure, no flames were propagated from the rich \()Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
27.18 0 Td
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.2, )Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.3 and )Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.4\), stoichiometric)Tj
-27.18 -1.5 Td
( \()Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=1.0\) and lean \()Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
8.204 0 Td
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=0.5 and )Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
<08A5>Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
(=0.6\). The images of the spherical flame flaring within the combustion)Tj
-8.204 -1.5 Td
( chamber with 150 mm windows are lain out in Fig. 4. As seen from the pr\
ior experimental investigations to)Tj
T*
( find the laminar burning velocities [1-2, 5, 12-17], the laminar burnin\
g velocities of biogas-air mixtures)Tj
T*
( premixed combustion has been found for biogas with 25% CO2 at reduced p\
ressure, ambient temperature)Tj
T*
( and various equivalence ratios as shown in Table 3. FIGURE 4.The biogas\
with 25%CO2 flame)Tj
T*
( propagation at reduced pressure TABLE 3. Laminar burning velocities of \
biogas with 25% CO2 at reduced)Tj
T*
( pressure Equivalence Ratio Laminar Burning Velocity \(m/s\) 0.5 No Prop\
agation 0.6 No Propagation 0.7)Tj
T*
( 0.187 0.8 0.252 0.9 0.292 1.0 No Propagation 1.2 No Propagation 1.4 No \
Propagation The fuel \(biogas with)Tj
T*
( 50%CO2\)-air mixtures at reduced pressure \(0.5 atm\) were shown no pro\
pagating flame for all various)Tj
T*
( equivalence ratio and there are no flammable area for this fuelas shown\
in Table 4. For better)Tj
T*
( understanding, the flammability limits and laminar burning velocities o\
f various levels of CO2 in biogas both)Tj
T*
( at reduced pressure and atmospheric pressure are presented in Fig. 5. T\
ABLE 4. Laminar burning)Tj
T*
( velocities of biogas with 50% CO2 at reduced pressure Equivalence Ratio\
Laminar Burning Velocity \(m/s\))Tj
T*
( 0.5 No Propagation 0.6 No Propagation 0.7 No propagation 0.8 No Propaga\
tion 0.9 No Propagation 1.0 No)Tj
T*
( Propagation 1.2 No Propagation 1.4 No Propagation FIGURE 5.The Biogas F\
lammability limits and laminar)Tj
T*
( burning velocities of various levels CO2 Carbon dioxide inhibits lamina\
r burning velocity by diluting the)Tj
T*
( concentration of reactive species in the biogas- air mixtures for a giv\
en equivalence ratio, and also by)Tj
T*
( absorbing some of the heat thus reducing both the flame temperature and\
chemical reaction rates. The)Tj
T*
( effect of CO2 is more pronounced due to the relatively higher proportio\
n of this inhibitor. At lower pressures,)Tj
T*
( laminar burning velocities are higher, as lower pressures cut back diff\
usion times, raise residence times and)Tj
T*
( thermal diffusivity which lowers reaction times and thus increases lami\
nar burning velocities. In biogas with)Tj
T*
( a 25% content of CO2 at lower pressures, the flame propagates within a \
very narrow range of equivalence)Tj
T*
( ratios, whereas, biogas with 50% CO2 at reduced pressures has no propag\
ating flame for all the)Tj
T*
( equivalence ratios. For at this level, the inhibition of CO2 is enhance\
d to such an extent that the extremely)Tj
T*
( low reaction heat energy is only enough for burning the mixtures within\
a very limited range of equivalence)Tj
T*
( ratios. CONCLUSION The flammable areas become narrower with increasing \
percentages of carbon)Tj
T*
( dioxide or lowering pressure, there was no flame propagation of biogas \
with 50%CO2 content at reduced)Tj
T*
( pressure \(0.5 atm\) and various equivalence ratios. The results show t\
hat the laminar burning velocity at the)Tj
T*
( same equivalence ratio declined in respect with the increased level of \
carbon dioxide. The laminar burning)Tj
ET
EMC
endstream
endobj
134 0 obj
<>
endobj
135 0 obj
[137 0 R]
endobj
136 0 obj
<>stream
H\j0~
CqQ!J ̰Fqy*^`os}'7'8-B'?6]`7p,AEϰ9V+;dO=lt3R
v23 j'ON?E6ԣ*
7J!J6,QN̒' Y"xb rC o
endstream
endobj
137 0 obj
<>
endobj
138 0 obj
<>
endobj
139 0 obj
<>
endobj
140 0 obj
<>stream
Hj`
endstream
endobj
141 0 obj
<>stream
H\U T{AWLQY\Q4UTT" )&Q[<*1FƭEV6A$[b546Q17W 1pRڀUsG^ZPOR<4h͗sF\Wͨ 獮13W\(>g9.tdWzs4hFvŮk-[Jhqs )Fh ,?\G~%f*3t9O
X1d&´{v!